Aspects of the novel

Key themes

The Nature of Narrative

Forster meticulously dissects the fundamental components of storytelling, most famously distinguishing between 'story' (a chronological sequence of events, driven by 'and then...') and 'plot' (a causal sequence, driven by 'why?'). This theme explores how these elements combine and interact to create meaning and suspense, moving beyond simple chronology to the logical and psychological motivations behind events.

Characterization: Flat vs. Round

Perhaps Forster's most enduring contribution, this theme categorizes literary characters into two types: 'flat' (constructed around a single idea or quality, predictable) and 'round' (complex, capable of surprising the reader in a convincing way, evolving). He explores the functions of each type, arguing that both are necessary for a novel's success, but 'round' characters are essential for depth and realism.

Aesthetic Structure: Pattern and Rhythm

Forster delves into the aesthetic organization of the novel, discussing how authors create coherence and beauty beyond mere plot. 'Pattern' refers to the overall design or shape of the novel, often involving symmetry or recurring motifs. 'Rhythm' is a more elusive concept, akin to the musicality of prose, involving recurring ideas or images that accrue significance, creating a subtle, cumulative effect on the reader.

Worth discussing

How relevant are Forster's distinctions between 'story' and 'plot' in contemporary fiction? Can you think of examples that challenge or reinforce his definitions?