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Cover of What Men Live By, and Other Tales

What Men Live By, and Other Tales

Written by Leo Tolstoy

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About this book

"What Men Live By, and Other Tales" by Leo Tolstoy is a collection of short stories written in the late 19th century. The stories delve into themes of compassion, human connection, and existential truths that explore what it means to be human. Central to the opening story, "What Men Live By," is the character Simon, a poor shoemaker, who undergoes a journey of moral discovery and selflessness after encountering a mysterious, naked man in need. The opening of "What Men Live By" introduces Simon's struggles with poverty and the challenges he faces as he tries to provide for his family amid economic hardship. On his way to acquire sheepskins for a winter coat, he comes across a freezing man near a shrine. Initially filled with fear and self-interest, Simon's conscience compels him to help the stranger instead of ignoring his plight. He takes off his coat and offers it to the man, highlighting a transformative moment of empathy that sets the tone for the rest of the story. Through this encounter, readers begin to see the deeper questions regarding humanity, love, and the interconnectedness of people, foreshadowing the larger moral lessons Tolstoy will unfold.

Reading guide

Themes, characters and key ideas in What Men Live By, and Other Tales, written by Chaptra AI.

  • about 8 hours
  • intermediate
  • philosophical
  • uplifting
  • moral

Leo Tolstoy's "What Men Live By, and Other Tales" is a profound collection of parables and short stories that explore essential moral and spiritual questions through simple, accessible narratives. Central to the collection is the titular story, which follows a poor shoemaker's transformative encounter with an angel, revealing fundamental truths about human existence, love, and compassion. Each tale, often featuring common people facing moral dilemmas, serves as a vehicle for Tolstoy's deeply held Christian anarchist and pacifist philosophies, emphasizing the importance of inner goodness over material wealth and societal status. The collection collectively champions themes of selfless love, faith, forgiveness, and the interconnectedness of humanity, urging readers to reflect on what truly constitutes a meaningful life. Through these timeless fables, Tolstoy delivers powerful lessons on humility, charity, and the divine spark within every individual.

“I have learnt that it is given to men to live by loving.”

Key themes

The Nature of Love
Tolstoy consistently argues that selfless, unconditional love is the fundamental force that sustains human life and connects individuals to the divine. It is presented as the answer to life's deepest questions and the source of true happiness and meaning.
Humility and Selflessness
Many stories emphasize the virtue of humility and the transformative power of putting others' needs before one's own. Pride and self-interest are shown to lead to suffering, while humility and selfless service bring spiritual peace and understanding.
Faith and Divine Providence
Tolstoy explores the idea that human beings are not in complete control of their destinies and that a higher, benevolent force (God) guides events. Faith in this providence, even amidst hardship, is presented as essential for spiritual well-being.

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