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Cover of The present state of wit (1711), and excerpts from The English Theophrastus; or, The manners of the age (1702)

The present state of wit (1711), and excerpts from The English Theophrastus; or, The manners of the age (1702)

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Conduct of lifeEnglish literatureCharacters and characteristics

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About this book

"The Present State of Wit" by John Gay is a critical work written in the early 18th century, specifically during the period known as the Augustan age of English literature. This book is a satirical essay that examines the state of wit and humor circulating in London, particularly among the periodicals prevalent in coffeehouses at the time. It reflects on the interactions and criticisms among writers, highlighting the cultural and social dynamics of wit in the society of Gay's era. In the book, Gay presents his observations in a letter format to a friend in the countryside, providing a vivid overview of contemporary periodicals such as the "Tatler," "Spectator," and "Examiner." He discusses the contributions of key figures like Richard Steele and Joseph Addison, praising their impact on public discourse and the cultivation of wit. Gay critiques various writers and their styles, offering insights into the nature of humor, criticism, and social satire. Overall, the work serves as both a historical commentary on the literary landscape of early 18th-century England and a reflection on the enduring qualities of social critique through wit.

Reading guide

Themes, characters and key ideas in The present state of wit (1711), and excerpts from The English Theophrastus; or, The manners of the age (1702), written by Chaptra AI.

  • about 8 hours
  • advanced
  • satirical
  • observational
  • witty

This volume compiles two significant early 18th-century works of English social and literary commentary: 'The present state of wit' (1711) and excerpts from 'The English Theophrastus; or, The manners of the age' (1702). The former offers a critical survey of the contemporary literary scene, evaluating the rise of periodicals and the changing landscape of wit and intellectual discourse during the Augustan Age. The latter, inspired by the ancient Greek character sketches, presents a vivid gallery of social types and their characteristic follies, providing a sharp, satirical mirror to the manners and moral failings of early 18th-century English society. Together, these anonymous works offer invaluable insights into the cultural anxieties, intellectual trends, and social dynamics of the period, reflecting a nascent public sphere grappling with new forms of media and evolving societal norms.

“"Wit, like a luxuriant plant, requires careful pruning lest its branches grow wild and bear no fruit."”

Key themes

Social Critique and Satire
Both works are fundamentally critical examinations of contemporary society. 'The present state of wit' critiques the decline of intellectual standards and the superficiality of new media, while 'The English Theophrastus' satirizes a wide array of human follies and vices, from vanity and hypocrisy to idleness and self-importance. The satire is often pointed but delivered with a detached, witty tone, characteristic of the Augustan age's emphasis on reason and decorum.
The Nature of Wit and True Learning
Central to 'The present state of wit' is an exploration of what constitutes genuine wit versus mere cleverness or superficiality. The author laments a perceived decline in substantial intellectual discourse, advocating for wit rooted in reason, judgment, and a deeper understanding of human nature, rather than fleeting trends or personal attacks. This theme reflects the Augustan era's classical ideals and its emphasis on intellectual rigor.
Manners and Morality
Particularly prominent in 'The English Theophrastus,' this theme delves into the ethical dimensions of social behavior. Each character sketch subtly, or overtly, critiques a moral failing (e.g., hypocrisy, vanity, idleness) through its manifestation in specific manners and social interactions. The works implicitly advocate for a virtuous and decorous conduct, reflecting the broader Enlightenment project of moral instruction through observation and reason.

Worth discussing

How do 'The present state of wit' and 'The English Theophrastus' define 'wit' and 'manners' respectively? Are these definitions still relevant today?

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