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Cover of Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light: Made at the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis

Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light: Made at the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis

Written by Albert A. (Albert Abraham) Michelson

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About this book

"Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light" by Albert A. Michelson is a scientific publication written during the late 19th century. The book details Michelson's groundbreaking experiments conducted at the U.S. Naval Academy aimed at determining the speed of light with high precision. Michelson's work is significant in the history of physics as it laid the groundwork for future explorations of light and contributed to the development of more advanced optical methods. In this publication, Michelson describes the experimental setup, including the use of a revolving mirror apparatus and extensive measurements taken between mirrors located 1986.23 feet apart. Through a series of trials and corrections for errors, he arrives at a mean value for the velocity of light, ultimately finding it to be approximately 299,940 kilometers per second. Michelson also addresses various methodological challenges and objections regarding the accuracy of his measurements, such as the effects of atmospheric conditions and the precision of his measuring tools. His meticulous approach showcases the transition into more rigorous experimental physics, elevating the scientific understanding of light's velocity in a systematic and quantifiable manner.

Reading guide

Themes, characters and key ideas in Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light: Made at the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, written by Chaptra AI.

  • about 8 hours
  • advanced
  • precise
  • analytical
  • rigorous

Albert A. Michelson's "Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light" is a pivotal scientific monograph from the late 19th century, detailing his meticulous experiments at the U.S. Naval Academy. The publication outlines the innovative use of a revolving mirror apparatus to precisely measure the speed of light over a significant distance of 1986.23 feet. Through rigorous methodology, extensive data collection, and careful error correction, Michelson arrived at a groundbreaking mean value of approximately 299,940 kilometers per second. This work not only refined the scientific understanding of light's fundamental constant but also showcased the emerging rigor of experimental physics, establishing a benchmark for future optical research and contributing significantly to the foundations of modern physics.

“The object of the present investigation was to redetermine the velocity of light with a greater degree of precision than has hitherto been attained.”

Key themes

The Pursuit of Scientific Truth and Precision
This theme is central to Michelson's work, emphasizing the relentless human drive to accurately quantify and understand the fundamental laws of the universe. The entire experiment is dedicated to obtaining the most precise possible value for the speed of light, reflecting a core scientific value that accurate measurement is paramount to knowledge.
The Scientific Method and Experimental Rigor
Michelson's publication serves as a textbook example of the scientific method in action. It details the systematic approach from hypothesis (an improved measurement is possible), to experimental design, execution, data collection, analysis, and peer review (by anticipating objections). It highlights the importance of reproducibility, error analysis, and transparency in scientific reporting.
The Fundamental Nature of Light
While the book focuses on measurement, the underlying subject is light itself. The determination of its precise velocity was a critical step in understanding light as a fundamental constant of the universe, paving the way for its role in electromagnetic theory and eventually special relativity. It reinforces light's universal and unchanging nature.

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How does Michelson's experimental design exemplify the principles of the scientific method?

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