Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower, 1889

"Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower, 1889" by Robert M. Vogel is a scientific publication written in the late 20th century, specifically focusing on the groundbreaking elevator technology used in the iconic Eiffel Tower. The book traces the evolution of powered passenger elevators from their inception in the mid-19th century, culminating in the innovative systems installed in the Eiffel Tower for the 1889 Paris Exposition. It delves into the engineering challenges faced in terms of capacity, safety, and the unique structural design posed by the curvature of the tower’s legs. The book extensively details the various elevator systems developed for the Eiffel Tower, primarily focusing on the Otis system, which was hydraulic and designed to accommodate the tower's incline. Vogel discusses the multiple bidder attempts and the final decision to employ the Otis design despite initial hesitations about its complexity and noise. Additionally, the book examines two other systems—the Roux, Combaluzier, and Lepape system for the lower levels, enhancing the overall functionality of vertical transportation within the tower. Through thorough research and technical specifications, Vogel illustrates not only the mechanical innovations but also the broader significance of these elevator systems in the context of architectural advancements and public accessibility to monumental heights.