A Short History of Freethought Ancient and Modern, Volume 2 of 2: Third edition, Revised and Expanded, in two volumes

"A Short History of Freethought Ancient and Modern, Volume 2 of 2" by J. M. Robertson is a historical account written in the early 20th century. The book explores the evolution of freethought through various significant periods and events, particularly focusing on England, Germany, France, and other European contexts from the Reformation through to the 19th century. This volume highlights the struggles, persecution, and intellectual developments surrounding the rise of rationalism and secular thought in the face of prevailing religious dogmas. The opening portion of the work discusses the transition to modern freethought in England during a turbulent historical period that included the reigns of Henry VIII, Mary, and Elizabeth. It highlights the harsh penalties faced by those expressing heterodox beliefs, such as Anabaptists and Unitarians, emphasizing the severity of religious persecution. Additionally, the text documents various notable freethinkers from this era, their philosophical explorations, and the cultural conditions that fostered skepticism, as well as the tensions between belief and criticism within the literary and scientific communities of the time. This early discussion sets the stage for a broader examination of the development of freethought and rationalism across Europe in subsequent chapters.